Abstract
Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) and Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (ME), which are an important zoonotic diseases of dogs, causing multiple organ dysfunction and has a poor prognosis when not interfered. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the cardiovascular injury that develops in dogs that co‑infected with VL and ME with cardiovascular biomarkers and echocardiographic parameters. The animal material of this study was consisted of 14 owned dogs in total; 7 diseased dogs which were determined to be co‑infected with VL and ME according to the results of clinical examination and rapid test kits, and 7 healthy dogs, which were determined to be healthy as a result of the same examinations. As a result of echocardiographic examinations, decreased left ventricular cytolic and diastolic diameters (LVIDs, LVIDd), fractional shortening (FS) and increased ratio of left atrium to left aortic root diameter (LA/Ao) values were determined in the Co‑infected Group compared with the Healthy Group. Also, as a result of biomarker analysis, higher cTnI) D‑dimer and NT‑proBNP levels were detected in the Co‑infected Group. In conclusion, considering studies of dogs infected with VL and/or ME alone, it was concluded that similar cardiovascular injury develops in dogs co‑infected with VL and ME.
References
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Weber, M. & Hamm, C. 2006. Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in clinical routine. Heart, 92(6), 843-849.
Baisan, R.A., Rosa, A.D., Loria, A.D., Vulpe, V. & Piantedosi, D. 2016. Cardiac biomarkers in clinical practice of dog and cat-a review. HVM Bioflux, 8(1), 50-58.
Balıkçı, C., Gültekin, M. & Ural, K. Coagulation Profile in Dogs Infected with Stage I-II Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (Oral Communique). In Proc. 11th Veterinary Internal Diseases Congress, Samsun, Turkey, 21 - 24 May 2015.
Balıkci, C. & Ural, K. 2018. Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary biomarkers during different stages of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Rev MVZ Córdoba, 23(1), 6403-6413.
Brooks, D., Churchill, J., Fein, K., Linder, D., Michel, K.E., Tudor, K., Ward, E. & Witzel, A. 2014. AAHA weight management guidelines for dogs and cats. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc, 50(1), 1-11.
Pace, C. 2017. How to maximise your auscultation technique. Vet Nurse, 8(9), 512-515.
Cornell, C.C., Kittleson, M.D., Della Torre, P., Häggström, J., Lombard, C.W., Pedersen, H.D., Vollmar, A. & Wey, A. 2004. Allometric scaling of M-mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs. J Vet Int Med, 18(3), 311-321.
De Castro, M.B., Machado, R.Z., de Aquino, L., Alessi, A.C. & Costa, M.T. 2004. Experimental acute canine monocytic ehrlichiosis: clinicopathological and immunopathological findings. Vet Parasitol, 119, 73-86.
Diniz, P.P.V.P., De Morais, H.A.S., Breitschwerdt, E.B. & Schwartz, D.S. 2008. Serum cardiac troponin I concentration in dogs with ehrlichiosis. J Vet Int Med, 22, 1136-1143.
Dogan, S. 2019. Evaluation of nt-probnp levels in different stages of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. Thesis, University of Aydın Adnan Menderes, Institue of Health Sciences, Turkey.
Dukes-McEwan, J., Borgarelli, M., Tidholm, A., Vollmar, A.C., Häggström, J. & E.S.V.C. Taskforce for Canine Dilated Cardiomyopathy. 2003. Proposed guidelines for the diagnosis of canine idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. J Vet Cardiol, 5(2), 7-19.
Erdoğan, H., Paşa, S., Ural, K., Gültekin, M., Parlatır, Y., Toplu, S. & Balıkçı, C. D-dimer/Fibrinogen Ratio in Dogs with Ehrlichiosis. Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet Bil Derg, 13(1), 28-33.
Gianfranchesco, F.M., de Castro, F.L.M., Paes, A.C., Sarita, C.A.A., Oba, E., Ferreira de Souza, F., Kiomi, T.R. & Gomes, L.M.L. 2019. Evaluation of heart rate variability and behavior of electrocardiographic parameters in dogs affected by chronic Monocytic Ehrlichiosis. PLoS One, 14(5),e0216552.
Gugjoo, M.B., Hoque, M., Saxena, A.C., Zama, M.S. & Dey, S. 2014. Reference values of M-mode echocardiographic parameters and indices in conscious Labrador Retriever dogs. Iran J Vet Res, 15(4), 341.
Hamabe, L., Kim, S., Yoshiyuki, R., Fukayama, T., Nakata, T.M., Fukushima, R. & Tanaka, R. 2015. Echocardiographic evaluation of myocardial changes observed after closure of patent ductus arteriosus in dogs. J Vet Intern Med, 29(1),126-131.
Honse, C.O., Figueiredo, F.B., de Alencar, N.X., Madeira, M.F., Gremião, I.D. & Schubach, T.M. 2013. Disseminated intravascular coagulation in a dog naturally infected by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi from Rio de Janeiro - Brazil. BMC Vet Res, 9, 43.
Kalogianni, L., Koutinas, C.K.,, Theodorou, K., Xenoulis, P.G., Suchodolski, J.S., Harrus, S., Steiner, J.M., Siarkou, V.I., & Mylonakis, M.E. 2016. Cardiac troponin I concentrations, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables remained unchanged in dogs experimentally infected with Ehrlichia canis. Vet J, 217,109-111.
Langhorn, R., Oyama, M.A. & King, L.G. 2013. Prognostic importance of myocardial injury in critically ill dogs with systemic inflammation. J Vet Int Med, 27, 895-903.
Lin, M. & Rikihisa, Y. 2003. Ehrlichia chaffeensis and Anaplasma phagocytophilum lack genes for lipid A biosynthesis and incorporate cholesterol for their survival. Infect Immun, 71(9), 5324-5331.
Poli, A., Sozzi, S., Guidi, G., Bandinelli, P. & Mancianti, F. 1997. Comparison of aminosidine (paromomycin) and sodium stibogluconate for treatment of canine leishmaniasis. Vet Parasitol, 71, 263-271.
Silva, V.B., Sousa, M.G., Araújo, C.R., Lima, A.B. & Carareto, R. 2016. Cardiac biomarkers in dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Arch Med Vet, 48, 269-275.
Solano-Gallego, L., Miró, G., Koutinas, A., Cardoso, L., Pennisi, M.G., Ferrer, L., Bourdeau, P., Oliva, G. & Baneth, G. 2011. LeishVet guidelines for the practical management of canine leishmaniosis. Parasit Vectors, 4, 86.
Tai, T.C. & Huang, H.P. 2013. Echocardiographic assessment of right heart indices in dogs with elevated pulmonary artery pressure associated with chronic respiratory disorders, heartworm disease, and chronic degenerative mitral valvular disease. Vet Med (Praha), 58(12), 613-620.
Testuz, A., Müller, H., Keller, P.F., Meyer, P., Stampfli, T., Sekoranja, L., Burri, H. 2013. Diagnostic accuracy of pocket-size handheld echocardiographs used by cardiologists in the acute care setting. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging, 14(1), 38-42.
Torres-Guerrero, E., Quintanilla-Cedillo, M.R., Ruiz-Esmenjaud, J. & Arenas, R. 2017. Leishmaniasis: a review. F1000Research, 6, 750.
Turgut, K. 2017. Sistolik ve diastolik fonksiyonların değerlendirilmesi. In Klinik Kedi ve Köpek Kardiyolojisi. Nobel Tıp Kitabevi, İstanbul, 264-287.
Ural, K., Paşa, S., Gultekin, M. & Balıkçı, C. 2017. Interpretation of electrocardiographic, echocardiographic and biochemical findings during different stages of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. Rev MVZ Córdoba, 22(3), 6225-6240.
Vörös, K., Hetyey, C., Reiczigel, J. & Czirok, G.N. 2009. M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiographic reference values for three Hungarian dog breeds: Hungarian Vizsla, Mudi and Hungarian Greyhound. Acta Vet Hung, 57(2), 217-27.
Weber, M. & Hamm, C. 2006. Role of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and NT-proBNP in clinical routine. Heart, 92(6), 843-849.