Isolation and Characterization of Campylobacter and Salmonella Species from Water Sources in Uttarakhand, India: Assessing Colistin Resistance in the Isolates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.12834/VetIt.3561.26916.3Keywords:
Campylobacter, Salmonella, Drinking water, colistin resistance, mcr genesAbstract
Waterborne diseases can affect a large number of individuals in a short span of time; hence the possibility of them turning into an outbreak is high. Zoonotic pathogens represent an important fraction as causative organisms of waterborne illnesses. WHO has ranked Campylobacter spp. and Salmonella spp. as the two leading zoonotic pathogens in the world. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify Salmonella and Campylobacter species from the surface water bodies in two districts of Uttarakhand, India- Udham Singh Nagar and Nainital. Water samples from various locations were analyzed for the presence of these bacteria, with the latter coming out to be the predominant one. Thereafter, they were tested for resistance against Colistin, an antibiotic considered to be the last resort antibiotic against gram-negative bacteria and for the presence of mcr genes as the cause behind the resistance. The number of isolates showing the presence of these genes was significantly higher as compared to a previous study where an attempt was made to test their presence.References
Aghapour, Z., Gholizadeh, P., Ganbarov, K., Bialvaei, A. Z., Mahmood, S. S., Tanomand, A., Yousefi, M., Asgharzadeh, M., Yousefi, B., & Kafil, H. S. (2019). Molecular mechanisms related to colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae. Infection and drug resistance, 12, 965–975.
Ahmed, S., Das, T., Islam, M. Z., Herrero-Fresno, A., Biswas, P. K., & Olsen, J. E. (2020). High prevalence of mcr-1-encoded colistin resistance in commensal Escherichia coli from broiler chicken in Bangladesh. Scientific reports, 10(1), 18637.
Alvarez, J., Sota, M., Vivanco, A. B., Perales, I., Cisterna, R., Rementeria, A., & Garaizar, J. (2004). Development of a multiplex PCR technique for detection and epidemiological typing of salmonella in human clinical samples. Journal of clinical microbiology, 42(4), 1734–1738.
Ansari, I., Upadhyay, A.K., Singh, N.K., Sanower and Maansi. (2021). Colistin: from ethos of past to hope in the present. World J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 10 (7): 612-621.
Apostolakos, I., & Piccirillo, A. (2018). A review on the current situation and challenges of colistin resistance in poultry production. Avian pathology : journal of the W.V.P.A, 47(6), 546–558.
Bhumbla, U., Majumdar, S., Jain, S., & Dalal, A. S. (2020). A study of isolation and identification of bacteria from lake water in and around Udaipur, Rajasthan. Journal of family medicine and primary care, 9(2), 751–754.
Borowiak, M., Baumann, B., Fischer, J., Thomas, K., Deneke, C., Hammerl, J. A., Szabo, I., & Malorny, B. (2020). Development of a Novel mcr-6 to mcr-9 Multiplex PCR and Assessment of mcr-1 to mcr-9 Occurrence in Colistin-Resistant Salmonella enterica Isolates From Environment, Feed, Animals and Food (2011-2018) in Germany. Frontiers in microbiology, 11, 80.
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services. U.S.A. (2017). FoodNet 2016 Surveillance Report (Preliminary Data). Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/diseases/campylobacter/.
Cullen, T. W., & Trent, M. S. (2010). A link between the assembly of flagella and lipooligosaccharide of the Gram-negative bacterium Campylobacter jejuni. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107(11), 5160–5165.
EFSA and ECDC. (2015).The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2014. EFSA J.,13(12): 4329-4391.
EUCAST. (2020). The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. Breakpoint tables for interpretation of MICs and zone diameters. Version 9.0.
Fan, J., Zhang, L., He, J., Zhao, M., Loh, B., Leptihn, S., Yu, Y., & Hua, X. (2020). Plasmid Dynamics of mcr-1-Positive Salmonella spp. in a General Hospital in China. Frontiers in microbiology, 11, 604710.
International Organization for Standardization 6579-1. (2017). Microbiology of food chain- Horizontal method for the detection, enumeration and serotyping of Salmonella- Part 1: Detection of Salmonella spp. International Organization of Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. Available at http://www.iso.org/standard/56712.html.
Kemp, R., Leatherbarrow, A. J., Williams, N. J., Hart, C. A., Clough, H. E., Turner, J., Wright, E. J., & French, N. P. (2005). Prevalence and genetic diversity of Campylobacter spp. in environmental water samples from a 100-square-kilometer predominantly dairy farming area. Applied and environmental microbiology, 71(4), 1876–1882.
Konkel, M. E., Gray, S. A., Kim, B. J., Garvis, S. G., & Yoon, J. (1999). Identification of the enteropathogens Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli based on the cadF virulence gene and its product. Journal of clinical microbiology, 37(3), 510–517.
Maalej, S. M., Meziou, M. R., Rhimi, F. M., & Hammami, A. (2011). Comparison of disc diffusion, Etest and agar dilution for susceptibility testing of colistin against Enterobacteriaceae. Letters in applied microbiology, 53(5), 546–551.
Matuschek, E., Åhman, J., Webster, C., & Kahlmeter, G. (2018). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of colistin - evaluation of seven commercial MIC products against standard broth microdilution for Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter spp. Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 24(8), 865–870.
Nagpal, A. (2018). Studies on non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates obtained from indigenous and exotic layers of an organized poultry farm. Thesis, Master of Veterinary Science, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, 79pp.
National Centre for Disease Control. (2020). Standard Operating Procedure- Broth-microdilution Colistin Susceptibility Testing for Aerobic Gram Negative Bacteria. Published by NCDC, India. pp.3-7.
Parveen, S. (2021). Prevalence and characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates obtained from retail fish meat shop. Thesis, Master of Veterinary Science, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India, 67pp.
Rebelo, A. R., Bortolaia, V., Kjeldgaard, J. S., Pedersen, S. K., Leekitcharoenphon, P., Hansen, I. M., Guerra, B., Malorny, B., Borowiak, M., Hammerl, J. A., Battisti, A., Franco, A., Alba, P., Perrin-Guyomard, A., Granier, S. A., De Frutos Escobar, C., Malhotra-Kumar, S., Villa, L., Carattoli, A., & Hendriksen, R. S. (2018). Multiplex PCR for detection of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance determinants, mcr-1, mcr-2, mcr-3, mcr-4 and mcr-5 for surveillance purposes. Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin, 23(6), 17-00672.
Reischl, U., Linde, H. J., Metz, M., Leppmeier, B., & Lehn, N. (2000). Rapid identification of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and simultaneous species confirmation using real-time fluorescence PCR. Journal of clinical microbiology, 38(6), 2429–2433.
Jorgensen, J. H., & Ferraro, M. J. (2009). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing: a review of general principles and contemporary practices. Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 49(11), 1749–1755.
Same, R. G., & Tamma, P. D. (2018). Campylobacter Infections in Children. Pediatrics in review, 39(11), 533–541.
Shams, S., Ghorbanalizadgan, M., Haj Mahmmodi, S., & Piccirillo, A. 2017. Evaluation of a Multiplex PCR Assay for the Identification of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. Infect. Epidemiol. Med., 3(1):6-8.
Shubham Saini. (2018). Molecular characterization of non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars isolated from commercial broiler farms and retail shops with reference to virulence and antimicrobial resistance. Thesis, Master of Veterinary Science, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India.
Sia, C. M., Greig, D. R., Day, M., Hartman, H., Painset, A., Doumith, M., Meunier, D., Jenkins, C., Chattaway, M. A., Hopkins, K. L., Woodford, N., Godbole, G., & Dallman, T. J. (2020). The characterization of mobile colistin resistance (mcr) genes among 33 000 Salmonella enterica genomes from routine public health surveillance in England. Microbial genomics, 6(2), e000331.
Singh, P., Tyagi, S., Dobhal, R., Singh, R., Seth, R., and Mohan, M. (2012). Evaluation of Water Quantity and Quality Status of Drinking Water Sector of Uttarakhand, India. Anal. Chem. Lett., 2(3): 198-205.
Sirisha, T., Aleem Bash, P. and Kavitha, B. (2017). Isolation and Characterization of Pathogenic Bacteria from Kundu River Water of Nandyal, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India. Res. J. Appl. Sci., 17(9): 475-481.
Snyman, Y., Whitelaw, A. C., Barnes, J. M., Maloba, M. R. B., & Newton-Foot, M. (2021). Characterisation of mobile colistin resistance genes (mcr-3 and mcr-5) in river and storm water in regions of the Western Cape of South Africa. Antimicrobial resistance and infection control, 10(1), 96.
Tuo, H., Yang, Y., Tao, X., Liu, D., Li, Y., Xie, X., Li, P., Gu, J., Kong, L., Xiang, R., Lei, C., Wang, H., & Zhang, A. (2018). The Prevalence of Colistin Resistant Strains and Antibiotic Resistance Gene Profiles in Funan River, China. Frontiers in microbiology, 9, 3094.
